Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Spanish language version of the questionnaire OQLQ for the assessment of quality of life in orthognathic patients.

BACKGROUND: Orthognathic surgery is the cornerstone of the treatment of dentofacial deformities, which have a great psychological and social impact on the life of the patient. Patient satisfaction and the impact on quality of life have recently become clinical parameters of growing importance. The aim of this study was to undertake a transcultural adaptation, translation to Spanish and validation of this version of the questionnaire OQLQ, used to measure quality of life in the context of Spanish culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Validation of the OQLQ questionnaire to the Spanish language was carried out through the methodology of translation and back translation, conceptual equivalence and piloting. The Spanish version was applied through a cross-sectional study to a total of 50 patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. RESULTS: The adapted and validated version showed adequate metric properties of reliability, change sensitivity and validity. In this study, a positive impact of orthognathic surgery on the specific quality of life was evident in 96% of patients, with an average improvement of 58% with respect to the initial score. CONCLUSIONS: Dentofacial deformities have a marked negative impact on the lives of patients, with orthognathic surgery being a therapeutic tool of great value in improving the quality of life in social, functional and aesthetic terms. The pilot test of this Spanish language version of the OQLQ proved valid for the assessment of quality of life in Spanish-speaking orthognathic patients or those with a Spanish culture. Key words:Orthognathic surgery, quality of life, validation studies, dentofacial deformities, patient satisfaction, treatment outcome.

Distracción ósea y cirugía ortognática en paciente previamente radiado / Bone distraction and orthognathic surgery on previously irradiated patients

Introducción. Presentamos a un paciente que recibió tratamiento radioterápico en la infancia por un retinoblastoma. Como principal secuela presenta una severa hipoplasia ósea hemifacial, alteración de la dentición y atrofia muscular. Se realiza cirugía correctora facial mediante distracción ósea, cirugía ortognática y lipoescultura facial con un resultado estético y funcional excelente y estable hasta el momento actual. Caso clínico. Varón de 15 años con hipoplasia témporo-parieto-frontal, orbitaria izquierda y del tercio medio facial con un plano oclusal inclinado, resalte de más de 25 mm y múltiples piezas dentales con microdoncia y rizólisis. A los 19 años, inicia ortodoncia prequirúrgica y la colocación de distractores tipo Zurich en el maxilar superior. Se consigue un avance maxilar de 25 mm. A los 21 años se realiza cirugía ortognática bimaxilar y lipoescultura facial. Resultados. Paciente con mejoría de la simetría facial, oclusión en clase i con plano oclusal alineado. Resultados estables hasta el momento actual, con 23 años. Continúa con ortodoncia posquirúrgica y rehabilitación dental. Discusión. Se obtuvo una buena consolidación, con una calidad ósea excelente desde el punto de vista clínico y radiológico, sin presentar complicaciones. Otro beneficio de la distracción es el efecto expansor de los tejidos blandos. La distracción ósea y la cirugía ortognática bimaxilar son métodos prometedores en la reconstrucción del territorio maxilofacial en pacientes radiados con una deformidad dentofacial como secuela oncológica (AU)

Introduction. We report the case of a patient who received radiotherapy in childhood for retinoblastoma. The main sequelae of this was, severe bone hemifacial hypoplasia, abnormal dentition, and muscle atrophy. Corrective facial surgery was performed through bone distraction, orthognathic surgery, and facial liposuction, with excellent and stable aesthetic and functional results to date. Case. report A 15 year-old patient with left temporo-parieto-frontal and orbital hypoplasia and midface hypoplasia with an inclined occlusal plane, overjet more than 25 mm and multiple teeth with microdontia and rhizolysis. At 19 years old, presurgical orthodontics and placement of Zurich type maxillar distractors were started. An advancing of 25 mm was achieved. At 21years old, bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and facial liposuction was performed. Results. Patient improvement in facial symmetry, occlusion type i of Angle classification with inclined occlusal plane. Stable results to date on a 23 year-old patient. Continues with post-surgical orthodontic and dental rehabilitation. Discussion. Good bone consolidation was obtained, with excellent bone quality from a clinical and radiological point of view, with no complications. Another benefit is the distraction expanding effect of the soft tissue. Osteogenesis distraction and bimaxillary orthognathic surgery are promising methods in maxillofacial reconstruction on irradiated patients with dentofacial deformity as oncology sequelae (AU)

¿Cuál es su diagnóstico? / What would your diagnosis be?

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Enfermedad seudotumoral de la articulación temporomandibular: condromatosis sinovial / Pseudotumor disease of the temporomandibular joint: synovial chondromatosis

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Manejo quirúrgico del linfedema facial secundario a tratamiento oncológico / Surgical management of secondary facial lymphedema after oncological treatment

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Fascitis nodular en la región frontal: a propósito de un caso excepcional y revisión de la literatura / Nodular fasciitis of the forehead: presentation of an unusual case and a review of the literature

La fascitis nodular es una entidad excepcional en el territorio maxilofacial, consiste en una proliferación benigna del tejido fibroblástico, de etiología desconocida y con características clínicas e histopatológicas similares a los sarcomas. La clínica habitual consiste en una masa de consistencia dura, indolora y de rápido crecimiento. Su diagnóstico se realiza mediante una biopsia y un estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento consiste en la exéresis quirúrgica completa de la lesión. El diagnóstico diferencial es esencial dado el alto potencial de confusión diagnóstica con lesiones sarcomatosas debido a la similitud de sus características clínicas e histopatológicas. Se presenta el segundo caso clínico en la literatura de fascitis nodular en la región frontal, un varón de 43 años de edad, sin sufrir traumatismo previo en dicha localización. Se procedió a la biopsia-exéresis de la lesión con el diagnóstico histológico de fascitis nodular. Sin evidencia de recurrencia del tumor y un resultado estético excelente (AU)

Nodular fasciitis (NF) is a benign proliferation of fibroblast tissue of unknown etiology. It has clinical and histopathological characteristics similar to sarcomas, and is unusual in the maxillofacial area. The usual clinical presentation is a hard consistency, painless and fast growing mass of a hard consistency. Diagnosis is made by a biopsy and histopathology. NF treatment is complete surgical excision of the tumor. The differential diagnosis is essential for the high potential of confusion with sarcomatous lesions, due to the similarity of their clinical and histopathological features. The second case of nodular fasciitis in the frontal region to be reported in the literature is presented, a 43 year-old male, with no previous trauma in the region. Biopsy-excision of the mass was performed and the histological study gave the diagnosis of nodular fasciitis. The patient had no evidence of tumor recurrence and excellent aesthetic results were obtained (AU)

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma. Two rare tumors in two rare locations / Sarcoma miofibroblástico de bajo grado. Dos tumores infrecuentes en dos localizaciones poco habituales

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (LGMS) represents an atypical tumor composed of myofibroblasts with a predilection for the head and neck, especially in the tongue and oral cavity, with a high tendency to local recurrences and metastases, even after a long period. LGMS arising in the maxillary sinus and in the neck are extremely uncommon. To the best of our knowledge, only 50 cases of low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma have been reported. We report two cases of LGMS of the maxillary sinus and neck, discussing clinical, histological, inmunohistochemical and therapeutic features (AU)

El sarcoma miofibroblástico de bajo grado (SMFBG) representa un tumor atípico, formado por miofibroblastos, que tiene predilección por cabeza y cuello, en especial la lengua y la cavidad oral, y se caracteriza por una elevada tendencia a las recidivas locales y a las metástasis, incluso después de transcurrido un período prolongado. Los SMFBG que se originan en el seno maxilar y en el cuello son excepcionales. Hasta lo que conocen los autores, solo se han publicado 50 casos de sarcoma miofibroblástico de bajo grado. Describimos 2 casos en los que se identificaron estos tumores, uno en el seno maxilar y el otro en el cuello, y abordamos sus características clínicas, histológicas, inmunohistoquímicas y terapéuticas (AU)

¿Cuál es su diagnóstico? / What is your diagnosis?

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Condroma extraesquelético: lingual / Extraskeletal chondroma: lingual

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Abordaje intraoral de la glándula submaxilar. Presentación de un abordaje estético poco utilizado / Recurrent intraoral access to the submandibular gland. An uncommon aesthetic approach

Las alteraciones recurrentes de las glándulas submaxilares son unos trastornos relativamente frecuentes que se deben, generalmente, a una enfermedad obstructiva de la glándula, entre otras menos frecuentes, como la presencia de neoplasias, enfermedades autoinmunes o degenerativas. El tratamiento quirúrgico habitual consiste en la exéresis de la glándula submaxilar a través de un abordaje cervical. Las ventajas de este abordaje cervical son su sencillez, la visión directa del campo quirúrgico y la rapidez del procedimiento. Las desventajas más relevantes son la cicatriz cervical y la posibilidad de lesión de la rama marginal del nervio facial. Se presenta y discute el abordaje intraoral como acceso a la glándula submaxilar. Su ventaja respecto al abordaje convencional es la eliminación de la cicatriz cervical y el riesgo de lesión de la rama marginal. Sus desventajas fundamentales son la dificultad técnica, la visión reducida, el mayor tiempo quirúrgico empleado y la posibilidad de lesión del nervio lingual. En el Hospital Universitario de Canarias (Tenerife, España), a un total de 6 pacientes, 4 mujeres y 2 varones entre 25 y 60 años, se les realizó una submaxilectomía por abordaje intraoral. En todos los casos los resultados estéticos y funcionales fueron muy satisfactorios, tan solo leves disestesias del nervio lingual autolimitadas en 2 meses. Se presenta una alternativa por vía intraoral al abordaje cervical para la realización de submaxilectomía, con la ventaja principal de eliminar la cicatriz cervical (AU)

Recurrent sub-maxillary gland disorders are relatively common. They are mainly caused by obstructive gland diseases. Other aetiologies are malignancies, autoimmune, or degenerative diseases. The traditional treatment of the submandibular gland is the surgical excision by a cervical approach. The advantages of this approach are: its simplicity, direct surgical vision, and speed of the procedure. The most important disadvantages are: unsightly cervical scar, and injury risk of the marginal branch of the facial nerve. This paper presents and discusses the intraoral approach to the submandibular gland. The advantages over the conventional approach are: the elimination of the scar and the risk of injury to the marginal branch. The main disadvantages are: the technical difficulty, reduced vision, the longer surgical time, and the possibility of lingual nerve injury. A total of 6 patients, 4 women and 2 men aged 25 to 60 years, underwent a sub-maxillectomy by intraoral approach in the Hospital Universitario de Canarias (Tenerife, Spain). In all cases, the aesthetic and functional results were very satisfactory, with only mild self-limited lingual nerve dysesthesia being observed at two months. We present an alternative to the cervical approach for the submandibular glands; the intraoral approach. The major advantage of this technique is to eliminate the cervical scar (AU)

Facelift approach for neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of the lateral border of the tongue: application of this novel aesthetic technique in head and neck oncologic surgery.

The scars produced by the surgical approaches commonly used for neck dissection in patients with malignant tumors of the head and neck are generally very evident and unaesthetic, especially when performed on young patients or on patients with a tendency to form keloids. There are multiple alternative approaches and techniques that attempt to eliminate or conceal these cervical scars, but they have been used almost exclusively in benign or congenital processes. Amid these aesthetic and/or minimally invasive cervical techniques, we highlight rhytidectomy/facelift, intraoral, endoscopic, and robotic approaches, among others. We present the novel application of a facelift approach for selective neck dissection in a young patient with a lateral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, with excellent cosmetic and oncologic results.

Colgajo sural medial: un nuevo colgajo de perforantes para la reconstrucción del territorio maxilofacial / Medial sural flap: a new flap for maxillofacial reconstruction

Introducción. La reconstrucción microquirúrgica de defectos mucocutáneos craneofaciales se realiza con técnicas descritas desde hace muchos años y se basan fundamentalmente en el colgajo radial, el anterolateral de muslo y el lateral de brazo, entre otros. Se presenta un nuevo colgajo microvascularizado fasciocutáneo para la reconstrucción de defectos en el territorio de cabeza y cuello, el colgajo de perforantes dependiente de la arteria sural medial. Material y métodos. Se presentan 4 pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide de cavidad oral, donde se realizaron 4 colgajos dependientes de la arteria sural medial para la reconstrucción de sus defectos tras la cirugía ablativa de la lesión tumoral. Resultados. El colgajo sural medial presentó una excelente adaptabilidad y una adecuada viabilidad en todos los casos, con unos buenos resultados funcionales, estéticos y con escasa morbilidad de la zona donante. Conclusión. Se presenta una nueva técnica reconstructiva en defectos de cabeza y cuello(AU)

Introduction. Microsurgical reconstruction of craniofacial mucocutaneous defects have been performed for many years using well-known techniques, that are mainly based on flaps from the radial forearm, the anterolateral thigh and lateral arm, among others. We present the medial sural artery perforator flap, a new vascularized fasciocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstruction. Material and methods. We present four patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. A medial sural artery flap was performed for the oral reconstruction after tumour ablation surgery. Results. The medial sural flap showed excellent adaptability and adequate viability in all cases, with good functional and aesthetic results and low donor site morbidity. Conclusion. We present a new reconstructive technique in head and neck defects(AU)

Solitary fibrous tumor surrounding the carotid sheath

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare spindle cell neoplasms that are mostly found arising from the pleura.Although SFTs recently have been reported in other regions, they are rare in the head and neck and have oftenbeen misdiagnosed due to their rarity. SFTs are benign in most cases. Clinically, SFTs usually manifest as wellcircumscribed,slow-growing, smooth and painless masses. Symptoms are often minimal, although they mayinclude sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, change of voice or trismus. CT-Scan and MRI are the most sensitiveimaging procedures used. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision of the lesion. Because recurrenceshave been noted up to 30 years after surgery, long-term follow up is mandatory. In this article, we present a case ofa Solitary Fibrous Tumor arising in the parapharyngeal space in a 20-year-old man, involving the carotid sheath,treated by surgical excision with no recurrence after 1 year. The clinical presentation, surgical management andpathological findings are described (AU)

Zygomatic intraosseous haemangioma: reconstruction with an alloplastic prosthesis based on a 3-D model.

Intraosseous haemangioma are rare, benign tumours, and only rarely do they involve the facial bones. We present a singular case of zygomatic intraosseous haemangioma treated surgically and reconstructed with a methyl-methacrylate alloplastic prosthesis designed from a computed tomography (CT)-based 3D model. This is the first case described in the literature of a zygomatic reconstruction with a predesigned prosthesis. After 1 year of follow-up, aesthetical results are good, and the patient presents correct functional rehabilitation.

Delayed removal of a maxillary third molar from the infratemporal fossa.

Removal of an impacted superior third molar is usually a simple and uncomplicated procedure for an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. Nevertheless, complications are possible and include infection, facial swallowing, trismus, wound dehiscence, root fracture or even orosinusal fistula. Iatrogenic displacement into the infratemporal fossa is frequently mentioned but rarely reported. This anatomical fossa includes several important structures such as the internal maxillary artery, the venous pterygoid plexus, the sphenopalatine nerve, the coronoid process of the mandible and the pterygoid muscles. Recommended treatment includes immediate surgical removal if possible or initial observation and secondary removal, as necessary, because of infection, limited mandibular movement, inability to extract the tooth, or the patient's psychological unease. Sometimes, the displaced tooth may spontaneously migrate inferiorly and becomes accessible intraorally. This report describes the location and secondary surgical removal of a left maxillary third molar displaced into the infratemporal fossa, two weeks after first attempt at extraction.

Solitary fibrous tumor surrounding the carotid sheath.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare spindle cell neoplasms that are mostly found arising from the pleura. Although SFTs recently have been reported in other regions, they are rare in the head and neck and have often been misdiagnosed due to their rarity. SFTs are benign in most cases. Clinically, SFTs usually manifest as well-circumscribed, slow-growing, smooth and painless masses. Symptoms are often minimal, although they may include sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, change of voice or trismus. CT-Scan and MRI are the most sensitive imaging procedures used. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision of the lesion. Because recurrences have been noted up to 30 years after surgery, long-term follow up is mandatory. In this article, we present a case of a Solitary Fibrous Tumor arising in the parapharyngeal space in a 20-year-old man, involving the carotid sheath, treated by surgical excision with no recurrence after 1 year. The clinical presentation, surgical management and pathological findings are described.

Spontaneous subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit.

Orbital subperiosteal hemorrhage is rare, with most cases occurring in young males as a result of direct facial or orbital trauma. The authors present a case of a spontaneous subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit in a 4-year-old girl.

Endoscopic harvest of a temporalis flap for a maxillary reconstruction.

The use of a temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction of the maxilla is a common technique at the moment. One of the disadvantages of applying this technique is the anesthetic scar generated in the temporalis fossa and the depression of this area. We present a new method for endoscopically harvesting the muscle flap, through minimal incisions situated in the temporalis fossa and preauricular region. This endoscopic technique has not been described in the literature for a hemimaxillary reconstruction. We present the first case of a maxillary reconstruction with an endoscopically assisted temporalis muscle flap with excellent results.

Fracture of the anterior iliac crest following monocortical bone graft harvest in bisphosphonate-related mandibular pathological fracture: a case report.

The anterior iliac crest is the most common donor site for autologous nonvascularized bone because of the great amount of bone available and easy access. Documented donor-site complications include arterial, nerve, or urethral injury; herniation; chronic donor-site pain; sacroiliac joint instability; pelvic fractures; gait disturbances; hematoma; infection; peritoneal perforation; cosmetic defects; and hip subluxation. We present the case of a pathologic fracture of the right anterior iliac crest during the immediate postoperative period in a patient with a bisphosphonate-related osteochemonecrosis with pathological fracture of mandibular body. The patient was managed with nonoperative treatment.

Pediatric facial fractures: children are not just small adults.

Radiologic imaging is essential for diagnosing pediatric facial fractures and selecting the optimal therapeutic approach. Trauma-induced maxillofacial injuries in children may affect functioning as well as esthetic appearance, and they must be diagnosed promptly and accurately and managed appropriately to avoid disturbances of future growth and development. However, these fractures may be difficult to detect on images, and they are frequently underreported. The interpretation of facial radiographs is particularly challenging, and computed tomography (CT) is necessary in many cases to achieve an accurate diagnosis. To keep the radiation dose as low as reasonably achievable, ultrasonography may be used instead of radiography for the initial imaging evaluation when the clinical suspicion of fracture is low; if evidence of fracture is found, CT then may be performed for a more detailed evaluation. Regardless of the modality used, a familiarity with the characteristic imaging features of pediatric facial fractures is necessary for accurate image interpretation. In addition, knowledge of the epidemiologic and anatomic distribution of pediatric facial fractures is helpful. Particular kinds of fracture (nondisplaced, greenstick, displaced, comminuted) tend to occur at specific anatomic sites in children, with the severity and extent of the fracture varying according to the patient's age and the stage of skeletal development. Midfacial fractures and fractures that are severely displaced and comminuted may be accompanied by neurocranial injuries or other complications and should be evaluated at CT with multiplanar reformatting of image data.